Just so that you are not confused the posts are in reverse order from the assignment sheet.
I Hope You Like What You See,
Adam
5/26/10
Environmental Concerns
Baking soda is generally regarded as being safe however there are a few concerns regarding its effect on animals and ecosystems. It is generally accepted that in has no adverse effects on an ecosystem in small amounts but if large quantities enter an ecosystem it could damage the reproductive system of some species.
When manufacturing baking soda some green house gases such as CO2 are released into the are this is obviously not good for the environment and is of course a contributing factor to global climate change. All manufacturers must abide by there local, provincial and federal mandates dictating acceptable amounts of green house gas emission.
Companies using large quantities of baking soda must adhere to the safe disposal laws in place to insure that there is a minimal effect on the environment.
Producers and Industries
The Arm & Hammer line made by Church & Dwight holds a virtual monopoly over the household consumer market which is in fact the largest consuming industry of baking soda. this industry is the largest user of baking soda because it has become almost as common as toilet paper. Take a look in any households kitchen and it is likely you would find a box of Arm & Hammer baking soda which has been on the market since the first half of the 19th century.
Discrepancy of Cost Between Chemicals
There are a variety of reasons for the high cost of some chemicals.
The first is the availability or rarity of the chemical. For an example: if a company is selling 2g of a chemical which only has 10g worldwide it is going to be much more expensive then 2g of a chemical which has 100,000g worldwide. This is of course and extreme example but you get the idea.
The second way that a chemicals cost can balloon is the cost to manufacture. For an example: lets say that I am a company manufacturing X in New Jersey however X needs raw materials that are only found 1KM beneath the surface of Iceland. This means that I first need to set up a mining operation in Iceland and then transport the raw materials to New Jersey before I can begin to create X. This is an example of high costs for the manufacturers which inevitably get passed on to the consumers.
This explains the expensive chemicals and as for the inexpensive chemicals it is the exact opposite from the aforementioned. i.e. high availability and low production costs.
Manufacturing/Producing the Compound
The first step in manufacturing baking soda, is creating soda ash. This is achieved by using Trona Ore (which must be mined first). The Trona Ore is first mined and once that is completed it is then refined to form sodium sesquicarbonate which contains both soda ash and baking soda. Then the sodium sesquicarbonate is placed in a centrifuge, this separates the crystals from the liquid. The crystal are then dissolved in a bicarbonate solution this creates a saturated solution which then gets carbonated in a carbon tower. The solution then reacts with the carbon dioxide which forms sodium bicarbonate crystals. The crystals then move through another centrifuge were the filtrate is removed. The crystals are then washed in bicarbonate solution The result is a cake-like substance which is ready to be dried. The washed cake-like substance is now dried in a vertical flash dryer. After this is done what you have left over is more then 99% pure Baking Soda.
Above: a diagram of the manufacturing process.
Above: a diagram of the manufacturing process.
5/25/10
Usages of Baking Soda
Baking: For centuries it has been used in baking it is used to make dough rise. hence the name Baking Soda.
Deodorizing: By neutralization of odour causing acids.
Washing/personal hygiene: Baking Soda can be combined with other things to form a paste which is an effective toothpaste.
Saftey Information
Baking Soda may cause respiratory tract irritation, gastrointestinal tract irritation as well as eye and skin irritation. It may also cause kidney and liver damage. It may be harmful if it is absorbed through the skin, swallowed, inhaled.Baking soda is not flammable or explosive nor is it corrosive.
This video is an example of the classic Baking Soda and Vinegar reaction. What this actually is, is a base and acid reaction with baking soda as the base and vinegar as the acid. The Chemical equation for this reaction is:
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 -> H2O + NaOCOCH3 + CO2
the bubbling you see is the escaping carbon dioxide gas. Enjoy the video!
Chemical Properties of Baking Soda
Reactivity:
With Acids: Will react will acids.
Flammability: Not flammable
Ability to Support Combustion: Unable to support combustion
Physical Properties of Baking Soda
Melting point: 60 degrees Celsius
Boiling Point: N/A
Density: 2.173g/cm3
Solubility:
In Water: Soluble
In Alcohol: Insoluble
Other: Baking soda is an odourless, white crystalline solid.
Percent Composition
The percent Composition of NaHCO3 is as follows:
Na:
= mass/molar mass x 100
= 23/84 x 100
= 0.2738 x 100
= 27.38 %
H:
= mass/molar mass x 100
= 1/84 x 100
= 0.0119 x 100
1.19 %
C:
= mass/molar mass x 100
= 12/84 x 100
= 0.1428 x 100
= 14.28 %
O:
= mass/molar mass x 100
= 48/molar mass x 100
= 0.5714 x 100
= 57.14 %
Molar Mass
Molar Mass of NaHCO3
= Na + H + C + O(3)
= 23 + 1 + 12 + 16(3)
= 23 + 1 +12 + 48
= 24 + 12 + 48
= 36 + 48
=84g/mol
5/19/10
Structure of Baking Soda
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This is a 3D representation of the structure of a sodium bicarbonate molecule.
In this 2D representation of the structure of sodium bicarbonate we can see that it consists of a sodium atom + a bicarbonate molecule which is a single oxygen atom bonded to the carbon atom as well as a hydroxide molecule bonded to the same carbon atom and finally a secondary, single oxygen atom which forms a double bond with the carbon atom.
Baking Soda A Compound of Many names
Common Name : Baking Soda
IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) name(s): sodium hydrogen carbonate
Other Name(s): sodium bicarbonate
IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) name(s): sodium hydrogen carbonate
Other Name(s): sodium bicarbonate
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